Hudson and Ferguson said variety is a specific set of ‘linguistic items’ or ‘human speech such as presumably, sounds, words, grammatical features, etc. which we can uniquely associate with some external factor (presumably, a geographical area or a social group).
Language and Dialect
Language and ethnicity are virtually synonymous (Coulmas, 1999). Indonesian people will be surprised if they find someone who does not from Indonesian but they can speak Indonesian. Sometimes they pronounce the word different from Indonesian people and the way they talk is also different it’s called dialect.
Regional Dialects
The differences of dialect that happens because of the regional or place. For instance: lampungnese people who live in Lampung mostly said: geh, tah, lorang, kitaorang. It’s different with sundanese people who live in bandung. They do not said that word but they have their own dialect like: atuh, teh, mah. Each regional has different dialect.
Social Dialects
The differences of dialect that happens because of having different social status. For instance: people who work as a doctors have their own word when they communicate with their friends that have the same jobs. It’s the same with people who work as a office boy. they will have their own way in communicate also.
Styles, Registers, and Beliefs
Speakers can implement different styles of speaking. You can speak very formally or very informally, your choice being governed by circumstances. Job ceremonial almost invariably require very formal speech, public lectures is less formal, casual conversation quite informal, and conversations between friends may be extremely informal and casual.
Registers are sets of language items related with discrete occupational or social groups. Surgeons, airline pilots, bank managers, sales clerks, jazz fans, and pimps employ different registers. People participating in regular communication situations tend to develop similar vocabularies, similar features of intonation, and characteristic bits of syntax and phonology that they use in these situations.’ This kind of variety is a register.
What people believe about true or not the languages that we speak. that is beliefs.
Pidgins and Creoles
A language that was made by people who come from different country and speak different languages and they tried to communicate each other with a language that they made by themselves and that language is called pidgin. For example: Japanese, Korean and Indonesian people live together and they make “X” language that they made by themselves for communicate. The “X” language that they made is pidgin.
The nativization of pidgin Is called creol. Creol do not have native speaker because it’s a pidgin. For example: the “X” language that they made before is becoming a native language.
Codes
it is possible to refer to a language or a variety of a language as a code. The term is useful because it is neutral.
Bilingualism and Multilingualism
People who can speak one language it called monolingualism for example:lampungnese people only can speak lampung language. When they can speak 2 languages it called bilingualism for instance: sundanese people can speak both sunda and Indonesian languages. For people who can speak more than 2 languages is called multilingualism for example: tukano men should marry women outside their place. It means all women in their have different languages. when they have children their children will speak their parents languages and when they meet their friends they will learn another languages. that is the reason that makes them can speak many languages.
Code-Switching
When people can speak more 2 languages they have 2 different grammars. When they speak one language that grammar will active and another grammar of another language will deactivate. When they speak both languages they switch from one language to another language it called code switching.
Language variation
Regional Variation
A variation of language that happen because of different location. Every place or region have different variation in language.
The Linguistics Variable
A linguistic variable is a linguistic item which has identifiable variants. For example, words like singing and fishing are sometimes pronounced as and fishin’. The final sound in these words may be called the linguistic variable (ng) with its two variants [(] in singing and [n] in singin’.
Change
The Traditional View
as a result, over a period of time a distinction between two sounds may be misplaced in a language, for example the vowels of meet and meat or horse and hoarse. They have similar dialect. Otherwise, a distinction may be gained where there was none before, as in a house with an [s] but to house with a [z]. In each of these case a single phonological unit became two: there was a structural split. So we can find instances of phonemic coalescence, situations in which a contrast existed at one time but later was lost, and instances of phonemic split, situations in which there was no contrast at one time but a contrast developed.
Ethnographies
The Ethnography of Speaking
An ethnography of a communicative event is a description of all the factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular communicative event achieves its objectives. For convenience, Hymes uses the word SPEAKING as an acronym for the various factors.
S = setting and scene. Setting refers to the place of speech. They can change the scene also for example from serious to joyful.
P = participants. include various combinations of speaker–listener,addressor–addressee, or sender–receiver.
E = ends. For instance, a marriage ceremony serves a certain social end, but each of the various participants may have his or her own unique goals in getting married or in seeing a particular couple married.
A = acts sequence. It refers to how people do the act when speaking: the precise words used, how they are used, and the relationship of what is said to the actual topic at hand.
K = key. It refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a particular message that speaker said : light-hearted, serious, precise, pedantic, mocking, sarcastic, pompous, and so on
I = instrumentalities. it refers to the choice of type of act, for example: oral, written, or telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech employed, such as the language, dialect, code, or register that is chosen.
N = norms of interaction and interpretation.it refers to the specific behaviors and properties that attach when people speak and also to how these may be viewed by someone who does not share them, for example: loudness, silence, gaze return, and so on.
G = genre.it refers to clearly demarcated types of utterance; such things as poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, prayers, lectures, and editorials.
Solidarity and Politeness
Tu and Vous
Tu and vous have the same meaning it is “you”. Singular you “To” is use when we speak to our friend in informal talks. Plural you “vous” is use when we speak to people older than us or to stranger in formal talks.
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