LINGUISTIC
CHAPTER 1
The Study Of Language
Introduction
Language exist : Speech, Writing, signs.
· Pragmatics : the study of principle specifying how language is used.
· Grammar : the rule of language at various level of structure.
Rules of grammar operate at various level :
· Phonetics/phonology : Focus on the smallest unit of structure in language,individual sounds.
· Morphology : learn about word & the meaning. (structure of the word).
· Syntax : studying about  clause function/ word order
· Semantics : studying about the meaning or the meaning of the word.
-Lexical Semantic : the study of semantic is typically focused on such topics as the meaning of individual word.
-Deixis : the ability of words to refer to points in time or individuals in the external word.
Language and Ideology
· Prescriptivist : to tell people correct or incorrect for instance people such as teachers,editors, and writers of usage handbooks who tell people they should use language.
· Descriptivist : describing how language is used .describing a sentence

Theorizing about language
· Competence-Based : you have knowledge about the language (clever).
· Performance-Based : language is used in social context or how you make language performance in front of people.

CHAPTER 2
The Development Of English
Introduction
· Synchronic : Studying about the language in current form,focus on contemporary English English in early twenty-first century.try to investigation from present to noun.
· Diachronic : historical of the languge from the past until today.studying a language from historical prespective such as old English or middle eglish.

Genetic Classification of language
                           

Comperative Method
· Cognate vocabulary : the word from the same family tree has similar pronounciation.
· Comperative method : the process of examining languages,grouping them into language families and recounstructing ancestral language .

Typological classification of language
1. Typological classification based on morphology
· Agglutinative : which have very complex internal structure
· Isolating : Independent unit to expres
· Fusional : doesn’t have separate morpheme

2. Typological classification based on syntax

Why Language Death ?
· Internal influences : change result from natural processes that all language undergo :if it were possible to protect the language from any external influences (Lost of word)
· External influences : the language have contact with another language.
The language death because : The native language died and the language is not develop.


CHAPTER 3
The social context of English
Grammatical VS Pragmatics meaning
· Semantic : How word have individual meaning based on dictionary
· Pragmatic : how word have different meaning based on the context and what people  saying.
Sentence VS Utterance
· Sentence : A grammatical unit that has minimally subject and predicator
· Utterance : A linguistic construction may not be grammatically but has meaning and communicative.

Speech act theory
· Locutionary : Just the word “ go”
· Illocutionary : asking someone to go
· Perlucutionary : causes from asking someone to go
· Interlocutionary : when someone speak and the other is listening.

The cooperative principle

CHAPTER 4
The Structure Of English texts
Register or Genre
· Register : a type of speech or writing that is characterized by a specific hierarchical structure and a set of linguistic construction.
· Genre : means something quite different to a literary theorist than to a linguist.

Unity of structure
· Closed register : which have a very fixed hierarchical structure.
· Open register : which have a looser hierarchical structure.


CHAPTER 5
English Syntax
Formal VS Notional structure
· Formal or National : Formal dscription focus on specific characteristic of a grammatical constraction.
· Notional : in contrast, more semantic in nature and define constructions in term of general qualities that they possess.
The linear and hierarchical structuring of constituents.

In (a) because Foreign and language are grouped,the phrase has the meaning of “a specialist in foreign language”. In (b) in contrast, grouping of language and specialist creates the meaning of “a language specialist who is foreign-born”.
The verb phrase
Expanding the scope of the verb phrase
The verb phrase to consisting of only an obligatory lexical verb and one or more optional auxiliaries, they would schematize the verb phrase in the sentence I called my mother as a diagrammed